Glossary

//** __21st Century Learners__ - ** An individual prepared with skills needed to contribute to the global workforce. //

//** __ACT__ - ** The American College Test //

//** __Activate and Access Prior Knowledge (APK)__ - ** Time period within the lesson when the teacher either reviews previous material or gives relevant background knowledge for the introduction of new standards. //

// __Affix__ - //n//. a bound (nonword) morpheme that changes the meaning or function of a root of stem to which it is attached, as a prefix //ad-// and the suffix //-ing //and// adjoining//.//

// __Alliteration__ - //n//. the repetition of the initial sounds in neighboring words or stressed syllables, as "The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew / The furrow followed free" (Samuel Taylor Coleridge, "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner").//

// __Allusion__ - an indirect or passing reference to some event, person, place, or artistic work, the nature and relevance of which is not explained by the writer but relies on the reader's familiarity with what is thus mentioned. (Baldick, 1996, p.6) //

// __Analogy__ - //n//. 1. a partial similarity,// as the computer is like the brain//. 2. a general comparability or likeness, as Your analogy of verbs as operators is useful.//

// __Anticipation Guides__ – pre-reading strategy used to identify prior knowledge about a topic. //

// __Antonym__ - a word opposite in meaning to another word. //

// __Antagonist__ – a catalyst character that causes the initial conflict. This catalyst is not necessarily human. //

// __Appeal to the senses:__ focuses on getting readers to use their sense of smell, taste, hearing, etc. to involve them personally in the story//

//__Argumentative Writing-__Writing arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence (e.g. research papers, literary analysis, social issue essays) Argumentative writings does not only give information but also presents an argument with the PROS (supporting ideas) and CONS (opposing ideas) of an argumentative issue. //

// __Audience__ - //n//. the respondents to such media events as drama, television, visual arts, or written text.//

// __Author's Purpose__ - the motive or reason for which an author writes, as to entertain, inform, or persuade. Also: author's intent. //

// __Author's Style__ - the characteristics of a work that reflect its author's distinctive way of writing. //

//** __Backwards Planning__ - ** ** A process of planning instruction with the end result in mind. **// Example: assessment is created first and all planning for instruction is done from that point.

// __Bellwork Activity__ - posting of an activity for student to begin immediately upon the start of class (when the bell rings). Not teacher guided activities. //

// __Bibliography__ – list of references in alphabetical order, representing the sources used in the written document. //

// __Biography__ – a story about a person’s life written by someone other than the subject. //

// __Cause-Effect__ - a text structure with a stated or implied association between an outcome and the conditions which brought it about, often an organizing principle in narrative and expository text, as //TV violence causes crime//. (//What //happens is the effect and// why //it happens is the cause.)//

//__Central Idea/Theme__: Main Idea/subject//

// __Character__ – a person, animal, or imaginary creature that plays a role in the story. // // protagonist - //n//. the central figure in a drama or narrative: hero(ine).// // antagonist - //n//. a catalyst character that causes the initial conflict The catalyst is not necessarily human.// // round – character with more complete description or detail than a flat character. // // flat – character with less importance in the story. Not as clearly characterized or descriptive. // // static – stay the same throughout the story, hardly ever change. Events happen to this character. // // dynamic – change from the start of the story to the end of the story. They often learn as a result of an event in the story. //

// __Character's Goal__ - characters reactions to the initiating events which begins the chain of events or actions by the character. The character's reaction then is stated in a goal which may or may not be stated in the text. The goal may be inferred from the text. //

//** __Check-Point Assessments (CK)__ - ** ** Multiple-choice, computerized assessments given monthly to formatively assess the standards taught. They are a way for us to measure where we are in the teaching and learning process. **//

// __Circular Thinking__ – begin and end with the same idea. Beginning with the very point you are trying to prove (propaganda technique). //

//__Claim__////__:__ sometimes known as a thesis statement, a claim is a statement that offers an interpretation of facts. A strong argumentative claim is substantial, contestable, precise, and clear//.

//__Classroom-Based Assessments (CB)__ **-** Assessments given throughout a unit of study by the Professional Learning Communities. These will happen consistently throughout the course. //

// __Compare-Contrast__ - a text structure analyzing similarities and differences between or among characters, situations, concepts, or ideas. //

// __Compound Noun__ - a group of two of more nouns treated as a meaning unit, as student teacher, tree farm. //

// __Comprehension__ - the reconstruction of the intended meaning of a communication; accurately understanding what is written or said. //

// __Conflict__ – the clash between opposing forces (e.g., character against character, character against self, character against society, character against nature). //

// __Connotation__ - the emotional association(s) suggested by the primary meaning of a lexical unit, which affects its interpretations; affective meaning; emotive meaning. Also connotative meaning. //

// __Context Clue__ - information from the immediate textual setting that helps identify a word or word group, as by words, phrases, sentences, illustrations, syntax, typography, etc. //

// __Critical Thinking__ - 1. the logical thought processes characteristic of the scientific method. 2. the thought processes characteristic of creativity and criticism in literature and other arts; divergent thinking. Note: Heath (1991) observed, "Educators do not, in general, equate either inventive thinking or literary and other artistic criticisms with logical, reflective, critical thinking. Instead they tend to link critical thinking with problem-solving heuristics that characterize science." //

// __Definition__ – a context clue where the author gives a short sentence or phrase explanation immediately following an unfamiliar word (the unfamiliar word is often bolded). //

// __Deletion (phoneme)__ – removing phonemes (smallest unit of sound) and determining what sounds remain. //

// __Denotation__ - the relationship between a linguistic event and its referent, a book denotes the object "book"; referential meaning; denotative meaning; cognitive meaning. //

// __Description__ – a context clue where the author gives a comprehensible written or picture/graph detail of an unfamiliar word (the unfamiliar word is often bolded). //

// __Dialogue__ - a literary work written as conversation, as Plato's //Dialogues//.//

// __Double-Entry Journal__ – students reflect from a prompt (select words, short quotes, or passages) in a two-column format. //

__//Domain -specific words and phrases://__ //Vocabulary specific to a particular field of study (domain). In the Standards, domain specific words and phrases are analogous to Tier 3 words//

// __Drama__ - a play; a story in dramatic form, typically emphasizing conflict in key characters and written to be performed by actors. //

// __Dyads__ – pairs; two people working together. //

//** __ELA__ ** - English Language Arts //

// __Editing -__ A part of writing and preparing presentations concerned chiefly with improving the clarity, organization, conclusion, and correctness of expression relative to task, purpose, and audience; compared to revising, a smaller scale activity often associated with ideas and content as well as surface aspects of a a text. //

// __Epic__ - a long narrative poem, usually about the great deed of a folk hero, state in lofty, elevated language, as Homer's //Iliad//.//

// __Essay__ - a relatively brief literary composition, usually in prose, giving the author's views on a particular topic. //

//** __Essential Questions__ ** - ** Higher level questions that focus thinking about a lesson or unit. **//

//** __Evans Newton Institute (ENI)__ ** - Curriculum and Instructional consultants for KCK School District //

// __Examples__ – a context clue where the author demonstrates word definition through the use of a concrete example that illustrates a concept, sometimes using signal words, (e.g., for instance, such as, including, for example, to illustrate) to let the reader know that information will be given to clarify a concept. //

// __Evidence__: - Facts, figures, details, quotations, or other sources of data and information that provide support for claims or an analysis and that can be evaluated by others; should appear in a form and derived from a source widely accepted as appropriate to a particular discipline, as in details or quotations from a text in the study of literature and experiemantal rsults in the study of science. //

// __Fable__ - a short tale in prose or verse that teaches a moral, usually with animals and inanimate objects as characters. //

// __Fact and Opinion__ - (facts) statements of information that can be verified as true as opposed to (opinions), statements of belief, judgments, or points of view that are based on personal preferences or biases. //

// __Fairytale__ - a folk story about real-life problems, usually with imaginary characters and magical events. //

// __Fiction__ - imaginative narrative in any form of presentation that is designed to entertain, as distinguished from that which is designed primarily to explain, argue, or merely describe; specifically a type of literature, especially prose, as novels and short stories, but also including plays and narrative poetry. //

// __Figurative Language__ - language enriched by word images and figures of speech. //

//** __Fill The Gap Lessons__ ** - Lesson created by teachers (PLCs) to help fill the gaps that exist in the curriculum resources currently used. //

// __Flashback__ - a technique of disrupting the chronology of a narrative by shifting to an earlier time in order to introduce information. //

// __Fluency__ - freedom from word-identification problems that might hinder comprehension in silent reading of the expression of ideas in oral reading; automaticity. //

// __Focus Questions -__ A query, narrowly tailored to task, purpose, and audience, as in a research query that is sufficeintly precise to allow a student to achieve adequate specificity and depth within the time and format constraints. //

// __Folktale__ - a narrative form, as an epic, legend, myth, fable, etc., that is or had been retold within a culture for generations and is well known through repeated storytelling, as an //Anansi tale//. Also folk tale, folk story.//

// __Foreshadowing__ - the technique of giving clues to coming events in narrative. //

Formal English // : see standard English //

//** __Formative Assessment__ ** - ** On-going checks to monitor student progress and guide instruction. **//

//** __Fundamental Lessons__ ** - Mini-lessons that identify and teach the pre-requisite skills a student may need if they are struggling with a particular standard. These may not be ones that you need to use during whole instruction, but could help with certain groups of students who have holes to fill. //

// General academic words and phrases- Vocabulary common to written texts but not commonly a part of speech; in the Standards, general academic words and phrases are analogous to Tier two words and phrases. //

// __Generative-Reciprocal Inference Procedure (GRIP)__ – an instructional technique showing students how to make inferences, the teacher models the process while students, in pairs, write and exchange paragraphs which require an inference. //

// __Genre__ - //n//. 1. a category used to classify literary works, usually by form, technique, or content. Note: Classic literary genres are tragedy, comedy, epic, lyric, and pastoral. "Today, the novel, essay, short story, television play, and motion picture scenario are also considered genres" (Holman and Harmon, 1992).//

//** __Gradual Release__ ** - The release of control from teacher to students. Also known as "ME WE TWO YOU." // // · ME: Teacher modeling // // · WE: Teacher and Class work through content together // // · TWO: Class gets into pairs or groups to process content // // · YOU: Students independently process material or content. //

// __Graphic Organizer(s)__ – a visual representation that organizes the important ideas and illustrates relationships to help learners comprehend and retain information in a variety of texts. //

// __Historical Fiction__ - a long narrative of past events and characters, partly historical but largely imaginative, as //The Three Musketeers //by Alexandre Dumas (pére).//

// __Homograph__ - n. a word with the same spelling as another word, whether or not pronounced alike, as //pen //(a writing instrument) vs.// pen //(an enclosure), or// bow //(and arrow) vs.// bow //(of a ship).//

// __Homonym__ - a word with the same pronunciation and spelling as another word but with different meaning, as bay (a body of water, vs. bay (part of a window). //

// __Homophone__ - a word with different origin and meaning but the same pronunciation as another word, whether or not spelled alike, as //hare //and// hair//, or// scale //(of a fish) and// scale //(a ladder).//

// __Hyperbole__ - an intentionally exaggerated figure of speech, as //I have told you a million times//.//

// __Hypothesis__ – an informed guess based on prior knowledge. //

//** __Identify Student Success__ ** ** __(ISS)__ ** - The time within a lesson when students are formally or informally assessed to check for understanding around the content taught in the lesson. (Checks for Understanding, Summarizing, Common Assessment) //

// __Idiom__ - an expression that does not mean what it literally says, as //to have the upper hand //has nothing to do with hands. Note: Idioms are peculiar to a given language and usually cannot be translated literally. For this reason, languages especially rich in idioms, as English, French, German, and Russian are difficult to translate.//

// __Imagery__ - n. 1. the process or result of forming mental images while reading or listening to a story, perceiving, etc. 2. the use of language to create sensory impressions as the imagery of the phrase such sweet sorrow. 3. collectively, the figurative language in a work. 4. the study of image patterns in literature for clues to the author's deeper meaning. //

// __Independently__ - A student performance done without scaffolding from a teacher or adult or peer. In the Standards, often paired with proficiently to suggest a successful student performance done without scaffolding. In the Reading Standards, the act of reading a text without scaffolding, as in an assessment. //

// __Independent Reading Level__ - the readability or grade level of material that is easy for a student to read with few word-identification problems and high comprehension. //Note//: Although suggested criteria vary, better than 99 percent word-identification accuracy and better than 90 percent comprehension are often used as standards in judging if a reader is reading at this level. Also: individual reading level//

// __Inferences__ – a statement created from using information from the text and a reader’s prior knowledge. //

// __Inferential__ - an item, the answer, to which is implied or suggested rather than directly stated in the text. //

// __Instructional Reading Level__ - the reading ability or grade level of material that is challenging, but not frustrating for the student to read successfully with normal classroom instruction and support. //Note//: Although suggested criteria vary, better than 95 percent word-identification accuracy and better than 75 percent comprehension are often used as standards a this level.//

//** __Intervention__ ** - Additional resources used to support individual students growth or needs. //

// __Intonation__ - the distinctive patterns of pitch that contribute to the meanings of spoken phrases and sentences, as between commands and questions such as "Go now!" and "Go now?": intonation pattern. //

// __Irony__ - a figure of speech in which the literal meaning of the words is the opposite of their intended meaning, as in //I could care less//. See also satire. //

//** __KCK 5 Step Process__ ** - The process our district and our Professional Learning Communities will follow in order to ensure excellence in instruction and high-level student learning. //

//** __KCKPS__ ** - Kansas City, Kansas Public Schools //

// __Key Details:__ supporting details and main ideas //

// __Legend__ - a traditional, historical tale of a people, handed down first in oral and later in written form. //

// __Literal__ - the explicit sense that is clearly stated in the text. //

// __Literature Circle__ – method of encouraging students to select books by theme or interest and then engage in discussion as part of groups to extend comprehension. //

// __Loaded Words__ – used in persuasive text to elicit emotion from the reader. //

// __Lyric__ - a short poem of personal feelings and emotions, intended to make a single impression on the reader. //

// __M.L.A.__ - The Modern Language Association //

// __Main Idea__ - 1. the gist of a passage, central thought. 2. the chief topic of a passage expressed or implied in a word or phrase. 3. the topic sentence of a paragraph. 4. " a statement in sentence form which gives the stated or implied major topic or a passage and the specific ways in which the passage is limited in content or reference". (Harris, 1981). //

// __Media__ - means of communication, especially of mass communication, as books, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, motion pictures, recordings, etc. //

// __Mediums__: print, digital, video, mulitimedia //

// __Metaphor__ - a figure of speech in which a comparison is implied by analogy but is not stated, as " //death is slumber//" (Percy Blysshe Shelly, "Mont Blanc").//

// __Mood__ - the emotional state of mind expressed by an author or artist in his or her work. //

// __More sustained research project__ - An investigation intended to address a relatively expansive query using several sources over an extended period of time, as in a few weeks of instructional time. //

// __Myth__ – a story based on a culture trait, moral, religious belief, or scientific information which is designed to explain or to entertain, generally using larger-than-life characters. //

// __Non-Fiction__ - prose designed primarily to explain, argue, or describe rather than to entertain; specifically, a type of prose other than fiction but including biography and autobiography. //

// __Non-Literal:__ figurative or metaphorical, not the actual meaning //

// __Onomatopoeia__ – words of which the sound suggests meaning, such as the words //pow //or// clank//.//

// __Overstatement__ – an exaggeration to make a point. //

// __Pair-Share Reading__ – joint reading aloud between two individuals who read a story simultaneously. //

// __Paradox__ - n. 1. an apparently contradictory statement that suggests a truth, as //Life is but a dream//. 2. a self-contradictory, illogical statement, as// Include me out //(attributed to Samuel Goldwyn).//

// __Paraphrase__ - the act or result of restating the meaning of something spoken or written in another form. //

//** __Performance-Based Assessments (PB)__ ** - Assessments that are created by Professional Learning Communities focused on writing. Learning activities are driven by standards and require application of knowledge and skills. //

// __Personification__ - a metaphorical figure of speech in which animals, ideas, things, etc., are represented as having human qualities. //

// __Plagiarism__ – using another’s ideas or words as your own without giving credit to the author. //

// __Plot__ - 1. the structure of the action of a story. Note: In conventional stories, plot has three main parts: rising action, climax, and falling action leading to a resolution or denouement. 2 //. v//. to so structure the action of a story. 3.// n.// a pattern of related episodes. // // conflict – the clash between opposing forces (e.g., character against character, character against self, character against society, character against nature). // // crisis/turning point – understanding(s) or event(s) that drive(s) the character’s actions. // // climax – the most intense or crucial moment or event when the tension reaches a peak. // // resolution – how the story’s central problem is resolved; bringing the conflict to an end. // // rising action – a series of crises or turning points building tension toward the climax. // // falling action – the story examines the consequences of the climax and the tension fades. // // subplot – stories within the story that expands some aspect of the main plot, such as character, setting, or theme. // // parallel episodes – events that are happening at the same time, often without the main character’s awareness. //

// __Point of View__ - the technique or choice of words the author uses to reveal his or her voice, as in characters (1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person), events, and ideas in telling a story. //

// __Point of View Informational -__ refers to the author's belief system about a particular topic or area of information. //

// __Prediction Strategy__ - a person's use of knowledge about language and the context in which it occurs to anticipate what is coming in writing or speech, as if one read //prag//- at the end of a line, one prediction strategy might be to expect the word pragmatic..//

// __Prefix__ - n. an affix attached before a base word or root, as //re//- in// reprint//.//

//__Print or digital( texts, sources)__- Sometimes added for emphasis to stress that a given standard is particularly likely to be applied to electronic as well as traditional texts; the standards are generally assumed to apply to both.//

// __Prior Knowledge__ - knowing that stems from previous experience. //

// __Problem-Solution__ – a text structure in which the author identifies a problem and offers a solution(s). //

//** __Professional Learning Communities (PLCs)__ ** - This is the main mode of professional development in Language Arts. // Educators committed to working collaboratively in ongoing processes of collective inquiry and action research to achieve better results for the students they serve (DuFour, DuFour, Eaker, & Many, 2006).

// __Proficient (ly)__- A student performance that meets the criterion established in the Standards as measured by a teachers or assessment; In the standards, often paired with independent(ly) to suggest successful performance done without scaffolding; In the Reading standards, the act of reading a text with comprehension. //

// __Propaganda__ - an extreme form of written or spoken persuasion intended to influence the reader or listener strongly, though sometimes subtly, and usually by one-sided rather than objective arguments. //

// __Protagonist__ - n. the central figure in a drama or narrative; hero(ine). //

// __Punctuation Mark__ - one of the set of graphic marks used in written phrases and sentences to clarify meaning or to give speech characteristics to written material; punctuation. //

// __Question-Answer Relationship (QAR)__ - a technique used to identify the relationship between a question and the answer to the question (e.g., literal or inferred). //

// __Reader’s Theatre__ – a performance of literature read aloud by one or more individuals to practice expressive reading and fluent reading. //

// __Reciprocal Teaching__ – a teaching strategy in which “students are involved in summarizing, question-generating, clarifying, and predicting as they read texts and observe phenomena … [and] both teacher and students share responsibility for the conduct of the discussion: (Palincsar & Brown, 1985). //

// __Resolution__ - the story’s central problem is resolved; bringing the conflict to an end. //

// __Restatement__ – a context clue in which the writer uses difficult words or phrases and repeats them in familiar ways to clarify meaning. //

// __Retelling__ //- n//. 1. in discourse analysis, a measure of comprehension. 2. in misuse analysis, the process in which the reader, having orally read a story, describes what happened in it.// Note//: The purpose of including retelling in miscue analysis is to gain insight into the reader's ability to interact with, interpret, and draw conclusions from the text.//

//__Revising__ - A part of writing and preparing presentations concerned chiefly with a reconsideration and reworking of the content of a text relative to task, purpose, and audience; compared to editing, a larger scale activity often associated with the overall structure of a text.//

//Rewriting - A part of writing and preparing presentations concerned chiefly with a reconsideration and reworking of the content of a text releative to task, purpose, and audience, on the same or similar topic or theme//

// __Return Sweep__ - the diagonal eye-movements, or saccade, from the end of one line of print to the start of the next. //

// __Rhyme__ - 1. //n//. identical of very similar recurring final sounds in word within or, more often, at the ends of lines of verse. 2. //n//. verse or recurring words that represent such sounds. 3. //v//. to write words or lines of verse with such recurring sounds.// // ` // // __Rimes__ - a vowel and any following consonants of a syllable, as /ook/ in //book //or// brook//,/ik/ in// strike//, and /a/ in// play//.//

// __Root (words)__ - //n//. 1. the basic part of a word that usually carries the main component of meaning and that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. 2. in a complex word, the meaningful base form after all affixes are removed.// Note//: a root may be independent, or free, as// read //in// unreadable//, or may be independent, or bound, as - //liter// - (from Greek for letter in illiterate. //

//__Routine Writing:__ Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes (e.g. blogging, journaling, writing for understanding of content, routine short essay writing.) //

// __Satire__ - the use of ridicule or scorn, often in a humorous or witty way, to expose vices and follies. //

// __Scaffolding__ - Temporary guidance or assistance provided to a student by a teacher, another adult,or a more capable peer, enabling the student to perform a task he or she otherwise would not be able to do alone, with the goal of fostering the student's capacity to perform the task in his or her own later on. //

// __Sequence__ - //n//. organizing information (e.g., character actions, events or happenings, directions in technical text) from the text in logical order to reveal or express the order in which they occurred. The arrangement or ordering of subject matter content for presentation and study over a selected period, as a unit, semester, year, etc. Common approaches to sequencing are chronological, developmental, simple to complex, part to whole, whole to part, and thematic.// Note//:// In its fullest sense, sequencing of content is not merely a linear arrangement, but involves provision for revisiting key concepts and skills so that each successive encounter deepens students' understanding or proficiency.

// __Setting__ - //n//. 1. the physical and psychological background against which the action in a story takes place. 2. the time and place in which a narrative occurs. 3. the scenery and stage effects for a drama, motion picture, etc.: set.//

// __Shared Reading__ – an early childhood instructional strategy in which the teacher involves a group of young children in the reading of a particular big book in order to help them learn aspects of beginning literacy, as print conventions and the concept of //word//, and develop reading strategies, as in decoding or the use of prediction.//

//__Short Research Project__ - An investigation intended to address a narrowly tailored query in a brief period of time, as in a few class periods or a week of instructional time.//

// __Short Stories__ - a brief fictional prose narrative designed to create a unified impression quickly and forcefully, as in Edgar Allan Poe's “The-Tell-Tale Heart" or Guy de Maupassant's "The Necklace". //

// __Simile__ - a comparison two unlike objects or concepts, generally using words such as “ //like” //or “//as//”//.

//** __S.M.A.R.T. Goals__ ** - Goals with the following criteria: // // Specific // // Measurable // // Attainable // // Realistic // // Timely //

//__Somebody/Something Wanted But So (SWBS)__ - “Somebody” is the character or subject, “wanted” is the goal, “but” is the problem and “so” is the solution. Example: Goldilocks (Somebody) wanted some food (Wanted) but the porridge was too hot (But) so she tried the other bowl.//

//__Source__ - A text used largely for informational purposes, as in research; see also text.//

// __Sponge Activity__ – a short activity that requires students to briefly review previous content. It’s called a sponge activity because it “soaks-up” those few spare moments in the school day that might not be instructional such as standing in line to transition to another activity. //

//** __Standards__ ** - Clearly stated and rigorous descriptions of what students should know and be able to do. //

// Standard English - In the standards, the most widely accepted and understood form or expression in English in the United States; used in the standards to refer to formal English writing and speaking. //

// __Stereotype__ – to categorize an individual or group of individuals based on generalizations. //

// __Structural Analysis__ - the identification of word-meaning elements, as //re //and// read //in// reread//, to help understand the meaning of a word as a whole; morphemic analysis.// Note//: Structural analysis commonly involves the identification of roots, affixes, compounds, hyphenated forms, inflected and derived endings, contractions, and, in some cases, syllabication.//

//** __Student Active Participation (SAP)__ ** - The amount of time that students are actively manipulating the content that the teacher presented for understanding. //

// __Stylistic Elements__ – techniques a writer uses to enhance a text, such as word choice, sentence structure, and literary devices (e.g., figurative language, imagery, repetition, symbolism, dialogue). //

// __Subtopic__ – a main topic that has been narrowed down to a smaller topics (e.g., main topic=transportation, subtopics=automobile, bus, train) //

// __Suffix__ //- n//. an affix attached to the end of a base, root, or stem that changes meaning or grammatical function of the word, as// -en// added to //ox-// to form //oxen//.//

//** __Summative Assessment__ ** - An assessment given to summarize learning //

// __Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review (SQ3R)__ – a five-step method for active elaboration of material that is read. First, the student surveys all of the headings and subheadings to get a sense of what the material is about. Next, the student poses the question “What is this material about?”, then, reads the material. As the student reads, they recite or write down what they are learning and after reading they review what they have learned. //

// __Symbolism__ - the use of one thing to suggest something else; specifically, the use of symbols to represent abstract ideas in concrete ways. //

// __Synonym__ - one of two or more words in a language that have highly similar meanings, as //sadness//,// grief//,// sorrow//,// etc//.//

// __Summary__ - a brief statement that contains the essential ideas of a longer passage or selection. √ //v//. summarize.//

// __Supporting Details__ – facts, examples, details, statistics, expert opinions, or quotations used to confirm or prove the author’s message. //

//** __Target Guides__ ** - Short description of a particular standard with a description of background knowledge that a student needs to be successful on this grade-level standard. It also provides related indicators and a sample assessment stem question. //

//** __Target Strategy Lessons__ ** - Lessons that teach the standard. They were selected in regards to where our students have struggled in the past to assist us in teaching. They are a resource to use in planning to teach standards. //

//** __Teacher Input__ ** ** __(TIP)__ ** - The amount of teacher direct instruction in a lesson. This includes modeling, lecturing, giving directions, etc. //

//** __Teacher Summary Report__ ** __(TSR)__ - This report contains notes and comments pertaining to the textbook standard alignment. This is currently provided at the Middle School level only. //

// __Text Organizers__ - an organizer used for reading that is organized around one or more of the following: graphics, hierarchy or sequence (outline), or key words/phrases. The organizer is used to keep track of main ideas and supporting details. //

// __Text Complexity -__ The inherent difficulty of reading and comprehending a text combined with consideration of reader and task variables; In the standards, a three-part assessment of text difficulty that pairs with qualitative and quantitative (lexile) measures with reader-task and considerations. //

//__Text Complexity Band-__ A range of difficulty corresponding to grade spans within the Standards; specifically, the spans from 2-3 grades, 4-5 grades, grades 6-8 grades, 9-10 grades, 11-12 grades- CCR (college and Carreer Readiness).//

//__Textual Evidence -__ Facts, figures, details, quotations, or other sources of data and information that provide support for claims or an analysis and that can be evaluated by others; should appear in a form and derived from a source widely accepted as appropriate to a particular discipline, as in details or quotations from a text in the study of literature and experiemantal rsults in the study of science. //

// __Theme__ - //n//. 1. a topic of discussion, writing, etc. 2. a major idea or proposition broad enough to cover the entire scope of literacy or other work of art.// Note//: A theme may be stated or implicit, but clues to it may be found in the ideas that are given special prominence or tend to recur in a work.//

// __Thesis__ – the summary statement of the research topic. //

// __Think-Aloud__ – n. 1. oral verbalization. 2. in literacy instruction, “a metacognative technique or strategy in which the teacher verbalizes aloud while reading a selection orally, thus modeling the process of comprehension” (Davey, 1983). //

// __Think-Pair-Share__ – a cooperative learning strategy, where after a question is posed, the learner first reflects independently about the answer and then with a partner they discuss their ideas related to the question. Finally, the ideas generated in pairs, are shared with the whole class. //

// __“Think Trix”__ -- a visual cueing system that signals students of different levels or types of questions. For example, the evaluation question card has a balance scale as it’s symbol and the recall card has a large R as it’s symbol. These cards can be used as a guide for teachers to construct questions at different Blooms levels. //

// __Tone__ - any sound of well-defined pitch, quality, and duration. //Note: This definition is related to fluency, not literature.//

__Topic__ - the general category or class of ideas, often stated in a word or phrase, to which the ideas of a passage as a whole belong; theme.

__Vocabulary__ - those words known or used by a person or group.


 * __Vocabulary (Tier One Terms)__ ** - Terms that students see on a daily basis that are common and usually do not cause comprehension problems

** __Vocabulary (Tier Two Terms)__ ** - Terms within text that are not high frequency that students will struggle with and teacher may need to help interpret to comprehend.

** __Vocabulary (Tier Three Terms)__ ** - Terms that are content specific related to certain standards that kids must know in order to have comprehension of standard.

__Webbing__ – n. in planning writing, the use of diagrams or maps, to show the relationship among the ideas to be included. √


 * __WHS__ ** - Writing High School Standard

__Word Journal__ – a record students keep of words they are unfamiliar with in a notebook. Students determine the meaning of words through context, dictionary use, or class discussion.

__Word Storm__ – a strategy for defining a word, then, “storming” ideas related to the word such as, writing a sentence from the text where the word is used, thinking of words that are thought of when you hear the word, examining different forms of the word, identifying what people might use the word regularly, and thinking of other ways to say the same thing.

__Word Wall__ – a visual display of words that is used to demonstrate a skill or concept that is being taught in the classroom.

__Word Ladders__ – a technique where you change one word into another word by changing only one letter at a time. For example: we can change “boy” into “toy” by changing the letter “b” to the letter “t”. But to change the word “boy” into the word “toe”, we need to two steps: 1) boy >>toy (b>t); 2) toy>>toe (y>e). Note: you cannot change the order of the letters.